This document covers the known lives of Herbert James Raynham, his wife Kate and their eldest son Herbert Charles Raynham.

A memorable year 1861, possibly for all the wrong reasons, Prince Albert's death at the age of 42 years had a lasting effect on Queen Victoria and thus indirectly the public at large and the Civil War in America began with the Confederates winning the battle at Bull Run. However Louis Pasteur had developed the germ theory of disease, Charles Dickens's published "Great Expectations" and the first horse-drawn trams appeared in London. [1]

So what's special about this year for the farming Raynham family at Offton, Suffolk on Tuesday 8 January [2] a baby boy was born [3] to John  and Elizabeth Sarah Raynham, possibly at their farmhouse at Hill House Farm . The days of any decent healthcare were still many years away and thus the use of their own home would be the first and possibly only option to the parents.

Elizabeth Sarah Raynham  took the four-mile or so trip to Needham Market to register the birth of Herbert James  on Tuesday 12 February in attendance at the register office was George Kerridge the registrar.

Birth certificate  Herbert James  Raynham

Such was the level of infant mortality any child born would usually be quickly baptised, sometimes even on the same day but normally within a few weeks. Herbert James  was baptised on Sunday 31 March 1861 this being both the normal day for baptisms and off course a day of rest for the villagers; well at least those that did not have to tend livestock. It will be noted that seven weeks had elapsed from birth to the baptism and it would be reasonable to presume that the young baby Herbert was in good health.

Baptism entry for Herbert James  Raynham

St. Mary's Church  being the parish church would have played host to the ceremony which was conducted by the local vicar Rev. J E Thompson; [5] and afterwards it would be usual to celebrate the event at the parents home or a nearby alehouse, today only "The Limeburners" public house The Limeburners\" public house"  would be available for such event. Traditional gifts given at baptisms included apostle spoons, porringers and bowls. [6]

St Mary's Church

St Mary [7] is all of a pleasing mixture, with its elegant unbuttressed 14th century tower, and windows of all periods. Inside, all is pleasantly 19th century, with the floor tiles of 1887 and 1870s stained glass overwhelming the medieval. The architect was Frederick Barnes.

There is a fine Annunciation scene, and the east window has the parents suffering their little children to come unto Christ, a splendid work of 1870. It has a slight hint of the surreal about it, since the little girl at Christ's feet looks exactly like Tenneil's Alice.

The glass was given by John Thompson, vicar here from 1858 to 1903, in memory of his daughter Helen. When Thompson arrived here, the church was derelict, and he left it in almost exactly the condition it is in now; so the whole building is testament to this remarkable man.

Like several other country churchyards, Offton has had almost all its older gravestones removed, probably at some time in the 1950s. The modern graves that replaced them are in straight lines, and the trim, unfenced graveyard has all the atmosphere of a municipal bowling green. But for all that, St Mary is a lovely church.

The 15^th century font almost certainly used by the many Raynhams who were baptised in the church.

Herbert James  was the third born of ten children [8] into what appears to have been a fairly comfortable family compared with the lot of the vast majority of villagers that lived and worked around Offton. In the Victorian period, a farmer with what was considered to be a modest income of ?1000 per year would be able to live and enjoy a comfortable living and be able to pay for servants. This can be compared with the income of the local vicar, the very Rev. Thompson  who like most Anglican clergymen an income of ?400 a year was not unusual, indeed in some poor parishes this may well have been as low as ?50. [9]

John, Herbert's father  was working his mother's farm at Hill House  and the census of  1861 told us that he was farming 211 acres and he employed nine men and two boys. Herbert James was enumerated along with his two older brothers, Charles  and John  aged three years and one year respectively; the 1861 census was undertaken on Sunday 7 April, Herbert James  was just three months old.

Elizabeth Sarah may have received some help in looking after Herbert and his brothers, her husband having employed a local 15-year-old house servant Miss Caroline Green. [10]

These may have been some of the good times for the farmers of Suffolk, profits were there to be made in response to demand, corn prices were good despite the repeal of the Corn Laws of 1846, for Herbert James his informative years would have been spent around the farm with possible trips to the village and further afield to Needham. No doubt playing with both his older brothers and the six siblings that arrived before his tenth birthday, arriving in approximately 18-month cycles.

The world at large had seen Pasteur invent the process of pasteurisation and he clearly got his priorities right as his first success was for wine in 1864; the American Civil war ended with the surrender of the Confederate army at Shreveport, near New Orleans in 1865. At home Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister in February 1868 and in 1871 the British Government legalises trade unions.

Before 1870 [11] education would have been entirely in the hands of voluntary bodies, about 40 or so charity schools had been set up in Suffolk in the early 18^th century, however few survived into the 19^th. However for Herbert there is every chance that he received teaching in basic skills of reading and arithmetic, possibly attending a local house used by an individual master or mistress [12] or the local school, of which the map of Offton on the opening page locates a school in 1881.

By the time Herbert James  was ten years old Suffolk had 400 school were open providing places for 37,000 children, this increase in provision was felt in the level of literacy which in 1845 was just over 50% of Suffolk's population were literate; by 1900 this had risen to around 97%.

The 1871 census  for Offton [13] lists Herbert as a "scholar" a term used generally to describe children receiving education. However many parents in earlier censuses tended to hide the fact that children were in fact at work and thus abused this classification. For the 1871 census only children at home receiving regular tuition or attending a school were to be returned as "scholars". [14]

However it has been stated [15] that the family employed a nanny and then a governess and thus he and the other children may have received some basic schooling at home.

1871 census extract for Offton, the original photocopy was of a poor quality.

John  was now farming 251 acres and it would seem that he had now become a landowner, his widowed mother Dinah Raynham nee Lucas  appears to have handed over Hill House Farm  and the lands that were in her control, sometime between 1861 and 1871. She was now living with her youngest son William,  

It is likely that Herbert James accompanied by his brothers and sisters would have visited Granny Dinah at Mill House, Great Blakenham  a village about four miles east of Offton and therefore within a couple of hours walk or three quarters of an hour or so on a horse and cart.

Farming was going through rapid changes; the Industrial Revolution [16] was having a dramatic effect, with mechanisation reducing the reliance upon agricultural labour. Factories in the northern towns and the opening up of the countryside with the passenger railways network allowed rural folk to become ever more mobile and provided opportunities for those out of work to seek alternative employment.

It is likely that John with the help of his hired labourers and sons was using horse driven threshing machines, these were quite common in Suffolk from the 1840s. Agriculture remained by far the most important part of Suffolk's economy, many crafts and industries were practised in the villages and towns and it estimated that 2000 men were still employed as blacksmiths and another 1000 as wheelwrights in the years 1851 to 1901.

Other developments included, for the first time in over 23 years the Conservative Party were able to form a majority government in 1874 and pressure-cooking method introduced to effect the canning of foods. In 1875 London's main drainage system was completed, Bosnia and Herzegovina rose up against Turkish rule, Britain buys shares in the Suez Canal and Mark Twain publishes "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer".

Technology arrived in the form of the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, and electric street lighting arrives in London two years later, in the same year that William Booth founded the Salvation Army. In the year of the 1881 census the Boers had defeated the Brits at Majuba Hill and the Treaty of Pretoria recognises the independence of South African Republic of Transvaal.

The population of Britain had grown nearly three million between the 1871 and 1881 census to around 29.7 million, with London having 3.3 million souls.

Herbert James  appears in the census for Offton as a 20-year-old bachelor farmer's son, along with his parents and three brothers Frank , Leonard  and Frederick . It is assumed that older brother John may have left the family farm, he would have been 21 years of age, the eldest brother Charles Frederick  having died in 1865 [17] at the age of eight years and thus would not have been enumerated.  The other younger son Arthur Lucas  was working, as a 17 year old for Thomas Bareham as a grocer's assistant at The Street, Debenham, Suffolk  and therefore did not appear in the Offton census.

Elizabeth Sarah  having died in 1865 at the age of five months and Agnes Elizabeth in 1878 aged 11 years would not have been listed.

The youngest member of the family Kate Theresa  pops up at the time of the census with the Wyard family  at 8 Priory Place Friars Street, Ipswich St Nicholas, Suffolk . Why a ten year old should be staying with James and Sussanna, along with their 29-year-old daughter can only be guessed at. One clue may be that Kate was being educated there, as Sussanna was a schoolmistress. Other reasons may relate to the tuberculosis that was endemic, certainly their female cousins at Hessett  had and would continue to experience poor health leading to death.

Whatever the reasons whether enforced or not upon John and Elizabeth the young Kate was not a Hill House Farm. But why was she with the Wyards, at the moment no research has been carried out on the Wyard family  name. It is however likely that James Wyard, who came from Offton is a direct relative of William Wyard who married Mary Ann Raynham [18] back in 1814. Mary Ann being Herbert's Great Aunt and with James Wyard born in 1831 may well James's mother. Of interest is that one of Mary Ann's son's was baptised John Raynham Wyard.

Life on the farm may well have necessitated the need for both Arthur Lucas and his sister Kate to leave the farm; by 1879 farming had collapsed with the failed harvest of that autumn, described locally as "a summer of cloud and continuous rain". Corn prices were falling, as cheap American grain began to flood the English market and undermine the locally grown produce. So began the great depression, which lasted well into the 20^th century, bankruptcies multiplied, the value of land plummeted, tenant farmers became difficult to find and farm buildings are their associated farms became neglected.

Adding to the farmers' problems was the outbreak of liver-rot in sheep and in 1883 there was a violent epidemic of foot and mouth disease. Seems like we have been there before.

As with Herbert's younger brother Arthur Lucas the need to find alternative employment away from home must have been upper most on the minds of these young farmers sons. With no chance of inheriting from their father's farm for many years as many as 100,000 labourers had left the land to find work in towns, and over a million people had emigrated; life would have been hard.

Against this background and at the age of 25 years Herbert married Kate Wendon [19] on a Wednesday 23 March 1887 at her local Little Bromley church in Essex. Little Bromley being 15 miles south east of Offton, just over the county border in Essex and close to Colchester. Kate was 23 at her marriage and born in Great Bromley, Essex in 1864, the fourth child of six children born to Elizabeth Wenden. Note the spelling, [20] at the time of the 1881 census Kate's mother was a widow and she was farming 1150 acres at Farm House, Little Bromley .

This even by today's standard was a large farm and how and when Herbert met Kate is not known, perhaps at a farmer's market held at Ipswich or Colchester or at some farming social event.

However Herbert at the time of his marriage was not living at Hill House, having moved to at Samson's Lodge, Aldham, Suffolk where he was farming. [21]  Aldham is village three miles due south of Offton.

Samson's Lodge, Aldham

It was not long before the patter of tiny feet squelching in the mud at the farm would have been heard and seen for on Monday 8 January 1888 Herbert Charles Raynham [22]  was born, father of Barbara Bird nee Raynham [23] from whom the majority of the information and photographs relating to her immediate family has been drawn.

Other children followed in a three year period with Edward Maurice  and Cecil Ernest [24]  by 1891 all appear to have been born at Aldham and assumed to be at Samson's Lodge. A gap of six years occurs before Kate has Sidney Michael [25]  in 1897 why the gap can only be speculated, she may have miscarried several times being in her mid thirties she would have still been able to conceive.

It well may be that she and Herbert James  were no longer sleeping together for it said [26] that during this period Herbert had a roving eye and in addition to his farming duties he also went to London and conducted some insurance work. It is said that he had an affair with a doctor's wife from Harley Street; however an alternative family story has Herbert going off with a farmer's daughter. [27]

Whoever Herbert was having an affair with it led to Kate filing for divorce when she was seven months pregnant with Sidney Michael ; the divorce costing Kate ?1000 which is about ?57,000 in today's money. What is interesting is the fact or coincidence that Kate appears to have named the child after a border that was staying at Sam(p)son's Lodge at the time of the 1891 census for Aldham. [28]  Coincidence who knows, family says that Sidney does not look like a "Raynham"!

Whatever the reasons for Herbert's wanderings he was no longer married to Kate and very little is known about him, it is alleged that he may have remarried however to date no marriage registration for a Herbert James  has been located. [29]  Apparently within the family he was knows a Herbert John, however the records do not list this name in regards to a marriage.

The 1891 census  for Aldham has Herbert with his young family Edward aged one year and Cecil aged just 3 months, of the eldest son Herbert Charles he does not appear to have been enumerated at Samson's Lodge. Being only three years old it is likely that he may have been staying with a relative; also at the house were two servants Sarah Clarke and Sussanna Frost and off course the border Sydney Aldus.

The early 1890s the British population had increased to 33 million, Herr Diesel had patented a new type of internal combustion engine and the discovery of viscose by Charles Cross allows the manufacture of rayon possible. By the middle of the last decade of the 19^th century Marconi had invented wireless technology and Rontgen discovers X-Rays and H G Wells had produced "The Time Machine". On the international front Turkey declares war on Greece and in 1899 the Anglo-Boar War started and aspirin was invented.

However even with these dramatic technical changes and the improvements in family life, the turn of the century would still see Suffolk a deeply rural county. The vast majority still lived in more than 500 villages and small market towns. Unfortunately for them, rural life in the 20^th century was at low ebb: farming was barely viable and its workforce was shrinking, shops were closing, craftsmen like wheelwrights and millers were giving up their trades, while the rural population as a whole was declining and ageing.

For the poor sods who worked for the farmers and gentry the outlook was particularly bleak; their housing was poor, their diet monotonous. The agricultural worker had seen wages improved during the "good" times of the 1880s and 90s but now rising prices were hitting these folks hard. There work was hard and repetitive, few chances for promotion and the village social hierarchies in which the principal farmers, clergy and landowners, who usually kept control led to a serious demoralisation of rural dwellers.

The increased literacy of the working class, mobility by the availability of the bicycle gave new opportunities for travel and exploration. The "bright lights" of towns such as Ipswich, the northern cities of Manchester or the ever attraction of London were a perpetual lure for the young, dissatisfied and ambitious.

This ignores the appeal of emigration to the new worlds of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, this certainly was an attraction for Herbert's brother Arthur Lucas who left for Canada in 1913 and for his cousins Eustace Frederick, Percy Campion and Harry Lucas [30] who at various times immigrated to South Africa and Australia.

All was not however doom and gloom, village life did become more varied and satisfying. Friendly Societies, clothing and coal clubs were established along with many new institutions and events. Parish libraries, reading rooms, dances, clubs for football and cricket together with outings by train were available for those interested. For the females Women Institutes, Mothers Meetings and Girls Clubs could be joined, all this did not halt the decline of rural areas, but they certainly improved the lot of those who remained.

For Kate Raynham obtaining her divorce would not have been an easy task, we think of today's "quickie" divorce costing very little in terms of time and money, yes messy when children and assets are involved but compare this with the process that Kate would have had to endure and experience.

A private Act of Parliament would be needed to obtain a divorce in England. This process was extremely expensive and usually restricted to the very well off. It was not until 1937 [31] that grounds for divorce was could be made for desertion, cruelty, unsoundness of mind, rape, sodomy and bestiality. As late as 1887 [32] wife-sales was still a possible way out, if an illegal route out of an undurable marriage, this clearly was not the route taken by Kate, the cost of ?1000 would seem to indicate that she took the legal way.

For the reader's curiosity the cost of buying a wife based on actual sale was five guineas, (?5. 5 shillings) which today would be around ?300, sounds like a bargain Sir.

Following the divorce Kate took her young family of three boys from Aldham to Kersey  a village six miles south west of Offton, located close to the town of Hadleigh. Why she relocated is not known, except that in Kersey [33] there was the family of Frank Raynham , [34] he was Kate's 29-year-old brother-in-law and her ex-husbands younger brother.

Frank with his wife, Ellen and daughter Eleanor were farming at The Tye, Samprons Hall  in 1891, whether she initially stayed at Frank's is not known, she did however farm at Sampson's Hall. The 1901 census  for England will be released next year and will provide confirmation of the family's location. [35]

Modern O/S map locating Aldham and Kersey.

For those interested in the wider Raynham family, I have located other Raynhams who had made Kersey  their home, as yet an unrelated John and Mary Raynham attended a baptism of their daughter in 1700 and Elizabeth Raynham . [36]  She was from Chelsworth, and a distant cousin of Kate's ex who married John Vince farmer [37] a local Kersey lad in 1822. Research has uncovered the Robert Frost Raynham [38] family who were baptised and assumed to have been in Kersey during the 1836 to 1851 period. [39]

Given that Robert Frost Raynham's  will was dated 1910 and he appears to have lived and worked his 73 year life in Kersey  it would seem unlikely that Kate and the boys would not have been aware of this branch of non farming Raynhams; and a distant cousin of mine.

Of Kersey itself with its streets of old houses straggling across a ford was first mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon will of 990AD, and by the time of the Norman Conquest was a thriving community. Tradition states that it gained its wealth on wool exports, however it is thought that cloth making may have played its part.

Kate appears to have contributed to community life and was a strong supporter of the church, which can trace parts of its structure back to the 12^th century; its present interior would not be unfamiliar to Kate. Its last major change was the removal of the old pulpit and box pews back in 1888.

St Mary's Church, Kersey.

How long Kate stayed in Kersey  is not known at the moment, she may well have been the "Mrs Raynham" of Sampson's Hall  noted in a poem by Mary Gage that was published in a recent Millennium funded book about Kersey [40] . The following is an extract from the poem:

"Mrs RAYNHAM left the Sampson's Hall -
This made Kersey  people bawl -
Mr Elliston came in her place,
His mean ways he'll never efface"

The date of the poem is not stated but from in the text of the book it comments that the poem gives a detailed account of the daily grind experienced by one young couple in the early years of the 20^th century.

At present no other Mrs Raynham has been identified in Kersey  at the turn of the century and it would be nice to think that this was Kate. Of interest in the same book is a section on Kersey nicknames [41] and under the nickname "Ned Larkin" is Jack Raynham whose occupation is given as agricultural labourer. Who is Jack and why Ned Larkin?

Kersey  School House  built in 1873

 

Late 19^th Century Kersey  with view along Church Hill

 

Kersey  High Street  with Stiff's Store and Linton House - Circa 1910

Hopes for a better life at the beginning of the new century may have been high, the Victorian era ended with the death of Queen Victoria in 1901 and Britain entered the short Edwardian period with the Coronation of King Edward V11.

However for the farm worker life continued to be an impoverished one and remained so right through the reign of Edward. Average weekly earnings had risen to 17s 6d, well below the figure of 21s 8d considered to be the minimum sum a man would be require to support a wife and three children with the basic necessities of life. [42]  It was estimated that a third of all the families living in many villages were below what had come to be known as the poverty line.

It would seem an appropriate, given the dearth of information on Kate during this period that her story finishes for the moment; we do know that she left Kersey for Boxford where her son Herbert Charles married a local girl. As for her ex Herbert James  Raynham very little if anything is known about him, photographs of him appear to have been destroyed.  

However from the death registration indexes [43] a Herbert James Raynham was located for 1940 [44] , from his certificate it would appear that this is the "lost" grandfather of Barbara's, the evidence is compelling. The age at death was 79 years, which gives the date of birth as 1861; this is the precise birth year given for Herbert James on his birth certificate.

Additionally the same birth and death indexes only have one registration for a Herbert James Raynham, no other "Herbert" deaths are registered.  Of interest is that the informant was his daughter C. Saville, she was living at 44 Marcia Road, Southwark , a road off the Old Kent Road.

It is likely that C Saville is Herbert's daughter from as yet un- located marriage, the Saville name possibly being her married name. No entry for a birth or marriage in the registration indexes has been found; alternatively C. Saville may be a stepdaughter.

 
Herbert James Raynham death certificate for 1940

A-Z modern map locating Marcia Road, address given for
Herbert James Raynham at death -grid reference 9D

Herbert James  Raynham
Three-Generation Family Tree [45]

Herbert James  Raynham Pedigree Chart
1861 - 1560

---

[1] Sources various reference books on world and English history.

[2] "The Local Historian's Encyclopedia" by John Richardson has a Perpetual Calendar with detailed charts that calculates the day of any event for the period 1753 to 1990.   Second edition, section D31, page 62.

[3] Copy of birth certificate came into my possession via Jane McCallan nee Raynham (R200) whose father had carried some Raynham research back in the 1950s.

[4] 1881 Ordnance Survey Map.

[5] The baptism appears in the parish register under entry number 526 on page 66.

[6] "The Oxford Companion To Local and Family History" by David Hey.   1996 edition, page 34.

[7] Edited extract from Simon's Suffolk Churches can be viewed on www.suffolkchurches.co.uk

[8] This is the known number of children born to John and Elizabeth.

[9] "Doctor Throne" by Anthony Trollope (1858).

[10] Data extracted from the 1861 census.

[11] In 1870 the Board Schools were established.

[12] "A History Of Suffolk" by David Dymond & Peter Northeast.   1995 edition, page 112.

[13] Suffolk CC Ipswich Record Office.   Microfilm reference J402/7 fiche 107, the census took place on Sunday 2 April 1871.

[14] "A Clearer Sense Of The Census" by Edward Higgs.

[15] Barbara Bird.

[16] A term coined by the French historians in the 1830s to describe the change from a world dominated by farming to one dominated by factories and machines.

[17] Parish burial register, microfiche FB16/D1/T4426 Fiche 12.

[18] Raynham reference number R204.

[19] Information received from Barbara Elisabeth Bird nee Raynham (R345) granddaughter of Herbert James.

[20] Extracted from the 1881 census for Little Bromley.  Public Records Office reference RG11, Piece 1786, Folio 70, Page 12.

[21] Based on data from Herbert's marriage certificate.

[22] Raynham reference R344.

[23] Raynham reference R345.

[24] Raynham references R349 & R348 respectively.

[25] Raynham reference R350.

[26] Based on a visit to Barbara Bird on the 09 October 2001 and from her own memory of conversations with her grandmother Kate.

[27] Charles Maurice Raynham (R347) Barbara's brother version of events.

[28] Date of census Sunday 5 April 1891.

[29] Source the General Record Office indexes held in the Family  Records Centre, London and other record offices.

[30] Raynham references R243, R85 and R247 respectively.

[31] The Matrimonial Causes Act (1937).

[32] "The Mayor of Casterbridge" by Thomas Hardy describes such a sale.

[33] 1891 census for Kersey.

[34] Raynham reference number R212.

[35] British Government legislation has a 100-year embargo on any release of data from this and other censuses.

[36] Raynham reference R58.

[37] 1851 census has John Vince farming 50 acres at nearby Whatfield.   Information from Steve Barber. 

[38] Raynham reference number R191.

[39] The source of this data is Latter Day Saints (The Mormons) downloaded from the Internet, search of the parish register would need to be made to confirm dates, possibly extracting any birth data that may have been entered by the vicar or curate.

[40] "Kersey Within Living Memory" by Anne Maltby.   Poem by Mary Gage " A Married Life", page 151.

[41] Researched by Paul Ryde, page 254.

[42] "A Study of Town Life" by Seebohm Rowntree.

[43] Held at the Family Records Centre, London and known as the GRO indexes.

[44] GRO index reference June quarter 1940, 1d 120.

[45] All information relating to Herbert James Raynham has been provided by Barbara Bird and data extracted from the Raynham Database, which Bob Raynham has compiled since 1990.   The database includes data drawn from General Records Office (GRO) records in London; these are not available on the Internet and can only be accessed manually.   Other data has been compiled from census returns, record offices microfiche/film and other sources.

[46] AC motor invented by Nikola Tesla and manufactured by George Westinghouse.

[47] Known as the Kodak box camera.

[48] Raynham reference R211.

[49] Raynham reference R344.

[50] This chapter should be read in conjunction with the one devoted to Herbert James Raynham R211 and his wife Kate Raynham nee Wendon.

[51] Raynham reference R212.

[52] 1837-1901, 1901-1910 and 1910-1936 respectively.

[53] Raynham reference R348 and R350 respectively.

[54] Raynham reference R349.

[55] Raynham reference R346 and the source of the information relating to her family.

[56] The GRO index does have Barbara listed for birth and death but no second name or initial is detailed.  (Raynham Database referenceID793 and 1398)

[57] Raynham reference R345.

[58] Raynham reference R347.

[59] Pinchbeck Register of 1286.

[60] As noted in the "Fire Order Book of the Yorkshire Insurance"

[61] Jenny Robinson has extracted the bulk of the information relating to Boxford from "Boxford A Miscellany".

[62] By Rosemary Rutherford.

[63] Simons Suffolk Churches at www.simonchurches.co.uk

[64] The photographer could be an Archer Noyland.

[65] Raynham reference R351.

[66] The Times.

[67] Second cousin once removed. Raynham reference R352.

[68] Raynham references R411, 412 and 413 respectively.

[69] Raynham reference R349, birth year based on 1891 census entry for Aldham.

[70] Raynham reference R348, birth year based on 1891 census entry for Aldham.

[71] Raynham reference R350, birth year based on information from Barbara Bird.